The chapter “Jatropha, a Sustainable Second-Generation Biomass for Bioenergy” emphasizes the necessity for renewable biofuels due to environmental concerns and energy shortages. It highlights non-food jatropha as a second-generation biofuel that can eventually replace fossil fuels. The introduction emphasizes the necessity for renewable energy in densely populated and emerging countries like Bangladesh. This chapter discusses global urbanization and industrialization, fossil fuel-induced energy consumption and environmental deterioration. This makes biofuel research particularly critical. In this chapter, Jatropha is introduced, and its farming’s broader effects are evaluated, from soil moisture and climate change adaptation. Jatropha might address rural energy needs and help local people flourish sustainably, so this chapter illustrates jatropha as a sustainable biofuel with energy security and environmental benefits, especially in developing countries. It advocates adopting jatropha as an energy crop to address the global energy dilemma.