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Automated cars (thereafter AV) have the potential to create significant impacts in current and future mobility systems. This paper aims at understanding how different propulsion technologies, i.e., battery electric (BEV), internal combustion engines (ICEV), hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in electric (PHEV), and hydrogen-fuel-cell-driven vehicles (FCEV), will contribute to the total life cycle (LC) CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions of AV. A connected and automated subsystem (AV subsystem) is considered to integrate into the vehicle platforms, thereby LC CO2-eq emissions of AV are calculated. Both the product life cycle (i.e., production, use, end-of-life) and the fuel life cycle (i.e., well-to-tank, tank-to-wheel) are covered. Several fuels are investigated, namely gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen, as well as electric energy. The results indicate that AV using PHEV and BEV platforms have the lowest and second lowest emission factors in 2020, standing at 114 and 124 gCO2-eq/km, respectively. Under a sustainable electricity and hydrogen production scenario in 2050, AV powered by BEV will become the option with lowest emission factor of 42 gCO2-eq/km.

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Impacts of Different Propulsion Systems on Life Cycle CO2-equivalent Emissions of Automated Cars

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Thu Trang Nguyen,
  • Mario Hirz

摘要

Automated cars (thereafter AV) have the potential to create significant impacts in current and future mobility systems. This paper aims at understanding how different propulsion technologies, i.e., battery electric (BEV), internal combustion engines (ICEV), hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in electric (PHEV), and hydrogen-fuel-cell-driven vehicles (FCEV), will contribute to the total life cycle (LC) CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions of AV. A connected and automated subsystem (AV subsystem) is considered to integrate into the vehicle platforms, thereby LC CO2-eq emissions of AV are calculated. Both the product life cycle (i.e., production, use, end-of-life) and the fuel life cycle (i.e., well-to-tank, tank-to-wheel) are covered. Several fuels are investigated, namely gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen, as well as electric energy. The results indicate that AV using PHEV and BEV platforms have the lowest and second lowest emission factors in 2020, standing at 114 and 124 gCO2-eq/km, respectively. Under a sustainable electricity and hydrogen production scenario in 2050, AV powered by BEV will become the option with lowest emission factor of 42 gCO2-eq/km.