This book chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the controversial topic surrounding water fluoridation and its potential link to cancer risk. The longstanding debate over the merits and drawbacks of water fluoridation has sparked discussions on its impact on dental health, while also raising concerns about the possible association with cancer development. Through a meticulous examination of scientific literature, this chapter scrutinizes the epidemiological evidence pertaining to the correlation between water fluoridation and cancer incidence. It critically assesses research studies that either support or challenge the notion that exposure to fluoride in drinking water may elevate the likelihood of cancer occurrence. Moreover, this chapter delves into the biological mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenic properties of fluoride within the human body. It explores the intricate pathways through which fluoride may influence the initiation and progression of cancer, elucidating the molecular processes at play. The overarching objective of this chapter is to furnish a nuanced and informative portrayal of the existing knowledge base on water fluoridation and cancer risk. By synthesizing and evaluating available evidence, it aims to enrich the discourse on this intricate public health issue, fostering a deeper understanding of its complexities.