Until recent times, archaeological research in Greece has exclusively been focused on periods of deep antiquity up to and including the medieval periods. It is only in the last few decades that scholarly interest in the more recent historical periods of Greece has seen a significant rise in both field studies and publications. This essay explores the emergence of a branch of archaeology that is fast developing and concerned with the periods after the Fall of Byzantium in 1453 to the present day. These post-medieval periods relate to various regional socio-historical, economic, and political developments, which led to the establishment of the modern Greek state in the nineteenth century and the emergence of a national consciousness, as well as a more inclusive and broader European identity. Issues of Greek cultural heritage within the framework of a broader European heritage are also considered, as acknowledgment and appreciation of the more recent past are slowly but noticeably gaining momentum.