The modeling of the land surface in the studied region began mid to end of tertiary. In the course of 60 million years of tertiary, tectonics and volcanism have created numerous basaltBasalt mounds and crevice, especially in the Gilf KebirGilf Kebir area and in center of the studied region. Under the humid climatic conditions of tertiary, intense and deep weathered soils were developed. Remains of iron crustsIron crusts or hardened iron concretions of tertiary soilsTertiary soils have been found in several locations on the soil surface due to their resistance against wind erosion. At the end of tertiary, the great wadis, such as those of the Gilf Kebir, Abu Ballas, and Abu Tartur, were formed by surface water and heavy land erosion. In addition, as a result of the progressive erosion of escarpments and plateaus, a number of inselbergs and “tafelbergsTafelbergs”Inselbergs were isolated. Such inselbergs are found today several hundred kilometers away from their escarpments. KarstKarst phenomena (caves, dolines, remnants of stalactites, and stalagmites) are found on the limestoneLimestone plateau near Abu Tartur as well as on the eastern escarpment and near Six Hills. The climate of the Sahara was dominated during Quaternary by arid conditions, which were interrupted by pluvialPluvial times. The transition to the hyper-arid climate in Eastern Sahara lasted more than 1500 years. It began approximately 4500 years b.p., so that only around 3000 years b.p. the NeolithicNeolithic settlement came to an end. The backward movement from escarpments of plateaus took place not only with the help of surface water erosion and landsliding in humid climates, but also during the dry periods of Quaternary due to fall wind and corrosion. Corrosion and deflation caused the formation of the Dakhla and Kharga depressions. Deflation plainsDeflation plains were developed under arid climate conditions and the absence of vegetation cover. They are mainly formed by erosion rather than sedimentation. Deflation plains consist mainly of MesozoicMesozoic rocks, granite,Granite or alluvial sands. Wind erosionDeflation plains which are covered with dense and very coarse particles (middle gravel to stones) are called hamadaHamada. In comparison, Serirs are covered by residual of fine gravel and coarse sand.