The rapid and heterogeneous growth of urban landscapes has brought forth multifaceted urban morphology, functionality, and infrastructure dynamics. This expansion has led to disparities in infrastructural development, complexities in urbanites’ health conditions, fluctuations in land surface temperature (LST), and variations in the intensity of urban heat islands (UHIs). Amidst these challenges, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to foster good health, safe drinking water, reduced inequality, and sustainable urban communities. Despite India’s concerted efforts towards SDG attainment, coherence in implementation remains fragmented across states and union territories, notably evident in West Bengal, encompassing urban, rural, and peri-urban areas, particularly the district of South Twenty Four Parganas. The literature review highlights a gap in holistic examinations of material well-being and liveability in this context. This paper seeks to address this void by tracking the material well-being and liveability of seven municipalities in South Twenty Four Parganas from 2001 to 2021. Employing a composite index comprising six domains—housing, sanitation, basic amenities, green spaces, and blue spaces—the study integrates satellite imagery, census data, and prior research. The study’s findings enrich the existing knowledge base and bear significant implications for policymakers and urban planners. By offering insights into disparities and proposing strategies for sustainable development, this research aims to guide more effective policy implementation and reduce disparities in South Twenty Four Parganas.