Surgeries for pediatric solid tumors may involve a wide variety of organs and parts of the body. Pediatric surgical oncologists are expected to provide safe and efficient surgical treatment based on thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the neck, thorax, and abdomen. Surgical removal of mediastinal neuroblastomas could be associated with mild to various surgical morbidities. Tumors in the superior mediastinum may cause Horner syndrome or Harlequin syndrome, which are dysautonomic symptoms resulting from transection of the sympathetic trunk. In the lower mediastinum, special attention is needed for the presence of the Adamkiewicz artery, since injury to this artery may result in postoperative spinal cord ischemia. Surgeries of the liver may be complex, and it is important to obtain detailed information of the anatomy of the vascular structures. Particularly, Glissonean vasculatures often have wide variations. Many pathologies are seen in the retroperitoneal space, and tumor removal and lymph node dissection are major surgical procedures. The complicated network of the nerve system is one of the characteristics of retroperitoneal anatomy, and the disruption of the network can lead to various late sequelae, such as persistent diarrhea or abnormal ejaculation.