In recent times, there has been a notable shift towards bioplastics, developed from sustainable biological sources, as a feasible alternative to traditional petroleum-based polymers. This chapter delves into the diverse microbial strains capable of producing various biopolymeric molecules, highlighting the pivotal role microorganisms play in bioplastic production. Beginning with the fundamental concepts of microbial bioplastic synthesis, the chapter explores key biopolymer types and examines the metabolic pathways and genetic enhancements employed by bioplastic-producing organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, and algae, to enhance yields and product quality. Additionally, it discusses contemporary methodologies and technologies utilized in microbial bioplastic production. The chapter also addresses the economic and environmental considerations associated with large-scale bioplastic production, including aspects such as fermentation, post-processing, and repurposing waste streams for bioplastic synthesis. Despite its potential, microbial bioplastic production faces challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and the need for technological advancements. The chapter further discusses current research objectives, industry trends, and the application of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering to synthesize microbial bioplastics, enabling the creation of customized bioplastics. In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes the significance of microbial production in the bioplastics industry, along with its present achievements and future directions, which are expected to contribute to the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable polymers.