Ardhanarishvara
摘要
Ardhanarishvara (considered as a form of Shiva) has deep philosophical significance, as in this form, Shiva and Parvati are depicted as a single being with both male and female attributes, representing the unity of the two polarities of the universe. This is a representation of the idea that Shiva and Shakti, or the male and female aspects of the divine, are inseparable and complementary and symbolize the unity and balance of masculine and feminine energies in the universe, with the importance of harmony and unity. The divine manifestations of androgyny have found many forms and is reflected in the art of ancient India. Hinduism upholds that the divine spirit is manifested in all beings, intending that male and female principles are inherent in all people. The authors conducted an empirical study to investigate the phenomena of the gender schema theory propagated by Bem (1971, Probing the promise of androgyny. In: Kaplan, Bean (eds) Beyond sex-role stereotypes: readings toward a psychology of androgyny. Little, Brown, p 48–62, 1976, Psychol Rev 88:354, 1981). The scale developed by Bem measures the four separate sex role-identities of masculine, feminine, undifferentiated, and androgynous (Bem, Probing the promise of androgyny. In: Kaplan and Bean (eds) Beyond sex-role stereotypes: readings toward a psychology of androgyny. Little, Brown, p 48–62, 1976, Psychol Rev 88:354, 1981) through self-scoring. The analysis of data collected from a multigenerational workforce reveals that there is a larger percentage of androgynous sex role-identity across the generations. The next larger percentage is of undifferentiated (low on masculine and feminine) sex role-identity across the generations. The connotation of a totality that lies beyond the non-duality of male and female are encapsulated in Ardhanarishvara.