Groundwater has become a vital natural resource for humans and other species to sustain life. Every day, groundwater gets polluted due to population growth and industrialization. Many industrial centers in northern Tamil Nadu draw more groundwater for the efficient operation of their industries. Groundwater quality in the integrated Vellore District of Tamil Nadu is being impacted by population growth and industrial pollution. This study evaluates the heavy metal toxicity and health risk assessment of three industrial corridors, namely Ambur, Ranipet, and Vaniyambadi. The evaluation matrices utilized in this study include multivariate statistical analysis, contamination factor (CF), and geographic information systems (GIS). Groundwater samples from 42 open and bore wells were collected and five heavy metals chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and cobalt (Co) were considered in all three industrial corridors. The t-test indicates that the sample averages of the heavy metals Cd (0.003 mg/l) and Cr (0.05 mg/l) are substantially higher than the WHO limit at p < 0.05. CF examines Cd and Cr pollution, and the findings reveal the highest CF value at Ranipet with 78% and 22%, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) results at Ambur show that Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Total Hardness (TH), and Fluoride (F) have a total variance of 29.33% and a strong positive correlation with Cd and Cr. The PCA at Ranipet shows that Cd and Cr positively correlate with Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl−), TH, and SO42−, which comprise 36.64% of the total variance. EC, Potassium (K+), TH, and Sulphate (SO42−) positively correlate with Cd and Cr with a total variance of 27.76% at Vaniyambadi whereas in Ambur EC, TDS, pH, TH, and F positively correlate with 29.33% cumulative variance. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results at all three industrial corridors manifest that hydrogeochemistry is impacted by anthropogenic and geogenic forces. According to the correlation analysis result, the uninformed discharge of household waste, tannery effluent, e-waste burning, and agricultural waste in an open environment or water bodies significantly contributes to groundwater contamination by heavy metals. So, the groundwater in the industrial corridors is unsuitable for drinking, irrigation, and residential uses. Health risk assessment shows Cr and Cd significantly impact infants and children for carcinogenic risk (> 75%), while adults and children have non-carcinogenic impacts (> 65%). This study suggests that it is essential to assess the quality of wastewater discharged from industries to prevent groundwater pollution. The study revealed that Ranipet residents have the highest health risk impacts from groundwater contamination through uninformed industrial wastewater discharge. However, heavy metals (Cd and Cr) have a greater impact in Ranipet than Ambur and Vaniyambadi. This study serves as a baseline information for water-resources governing bodies to take the necessary steps to clean up the environment to prevent the spread of heavy metal-associated disorders through contaminated groundwater.