Revisiting Premodern Islamic Science and Experience seeks to answer two questions: What kind of experience constituted premodern Islamic science? And in what ways did that experience constitute science? Our answer to these questions is not reducible to experience as empirical methodMethod, empirical or practicePractice; neither the empirical methodMethod, empirical nor any empiricalMethod, empirical practicePractice exhaust the scope of premodern experience in its relevance for science. To illuminate that argument, we turn our gaze to where experience naturally arises: within the historical scientist. Specifically, we address what we call the subject-rootednessSubject-rootedness or subject-dependenceSubject-dependence of the scientist’s experience, be that scientist-subject historically real or idealizedScientist, idealized. By founding our story on the scientist—and the ways in which his experience was rooted in acquired skill, habitHabit, expertise, andPractice practice—we offer the history of science a solid foundation on which to build its analyses of premodern science and the scope and role of experience therein. Bracketed by an introduction that advances a new theoretical framework and an epilogue that reflects on the findings and their implications, this volume presents its argument through three chapters, each of which investigates the place of experience in one branch of premodern Islamic science: astrology, philosophical psychology, and theology.