Groundwater, comprising a vast reservoir of freshwater essential for sustaining life, faces unprecedented challenges due to climate change. This manuscript explores the multifaceted impacts of climate change on groundwater resources, focusing on India's situation. It examines groundwater systems' direct and indirect responses to climate variability, encompassing changes in recharge patterns, evapotranspiration rates, and land use practices. The study underscores the critical role of groundwater vulnerability assessment in understanding the system's susceptibility to climate stressors, considering factors like sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity. Various methodologies for assessing groundwater vulnerability are reviewed, including index/overlay, statistical, and process-based approaches, each with strengths and limitations. The manuscript also highlights assumptions and simplifications made in previous studies, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluations accounting for spatial and temporal variability. Additionally, it addresses research gaps and proposes avenues for future studies to enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between climate change and groundwater resources.