Risk and vulnerability assessment in food systems has become indispensable in the context of climate change as the implications are significant for the food supply chain stakeholders and food security. The goal of this study was to identify food system vulnerabilities, and elements contributing to vulnerabilities and propose practical interventions to increase food system resilience to climate change. This study concentrated on the upcountry vegetable supply chains. Heavy rain and landslides were identified as the key climatic hazards affecting upcountry vegetable-producing districts Nuwara Eliya and Badulla. Severe adverse climate events have affected vegetable production and post-harvest handling in both districts. There was a significant correlation between the severity of the climate hazard and vegetable production. The case study conducted with upcountry vegetable farmers and supply chain actors confirmed these findings. In general, the climate change adaptation measures along the supply chain were limited. The research reveals an association between climate hazards and agricultural production and distribution networks. The lack of reliable data was a major challenge for undertaking risk and vulnerability assessments of supply chains to facilitate interventions to build resilient food supply chains.