The total supergene niobium resource associated with carbonatite complexes in Brazil is close to 880 Mt, with most coming from five deposits in the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province (APIP) in Central Brazil. This resource might be increased considerably if the speculated 3.8 Bt resource of the Seis Lagos deposit in the Amazon is included. The carbonatites are all covered by a lateritic regolith that may be 50 to 250 m thick. The carbonatites of the APIP are of Late-Cretaceous age and are rimmed by fenitized quartzite and schists with a marked topographic expression that protects the lateritic regolith from erosion. Niobium mineralization is mainly in the saprolite as secondary Ba-pyrochlore or residually enriched primary pyrochlore. The upper ferruginous parts of the regolith are generally barren. The Seis Lagos carbonatite complex is of a probable Precambrian age and consists of siderite carbonatite. The host gneissic rocks are not preserved in the landscape, but the more resistant Fe duricrusts that contain the Nb deposit form a prominent hill. Despite intense alteration of pyrochlore in the siderite carbonatite, Nb concentrations remain high in most of the Fe duricrusts due to its scavenging by secondary oxides, in particular goethite, brookite and rutile.