Employing waste materialsWaste materials as a source of celluloseCellulose not only offers a sustainable method for producing nanomaterialsNanomaterials (NMs) but also gives an environmentally conscious option for managing garbage. The development of low-cost, versatile nanostructures from agricultural waste has garnered significant attention in the past few years. Although many methods have been developed to produce high-value carbon nanomaterials, the most popular method nowadays seems to be the use of green technologyGreen technology due to its eco-friendly nature, non-toxicity, low fabrication cost, easy modification, and abundant availability of the starting precursor. It is therefore impressive that low-value biomassBiomass waste can be used for the processing of environmentally friendly materials to produce high-value products. CelluloseCellulose materials are naturally occurring and have unique structural, mechanicalMechanical, and opticalOptical properties. It offers a lot of untapped potential for improving water treatment technology. The primary goal of this chapter is to demonstrate how celluloseCellulose and carbon-based nanomaterialsNanomaterials are made from agricultural waste and their range of uses in water filtrationWater filtration. The production of nanocellulose-based membranesMembrane has been discussed in this chapter. The challenges and future directions of nanocelluloseNanocellulose in water treatment are also covered in this chapter, along with a summary of their recent advancements and applications.