Anthropology established itself in India during the British colonisation, subsequently, in the early years of the twentieth century; it was structured in the main universities of the country. To understand the process of transposition of a “Western science” within the Indian context, this chapter addresses the contribution of the British administration to the anthropological debate and the emergence of the early Indian pioneers of the field. With Indian professionalisation and Independence came a substantial increase in the popularity of sociology and social anthropology, as these social sciences were seen as effective tools for responding to the growing demand for information on the different socio-economic conditions of the new nation. The period from the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1990s marked a critical juncture for the redefinition of the social sciences in India with the growth of women’s, tribal communities and Dalit liberation movements. At the beginning of the 2000s, a vast scientific debate flourished between activists, politicians and scholars on the universality of the dynamics of discrimination.