The election of Jair Bolsonaro, a right-wing extremist politician, to the Presidency of Brazil in 2018 had tragic consequences for women’s lives, especially regarding the criminalisation of reproductive rights that resulted in regulatory regression in areas such as combating gender violence and anti-racist actions. This misogynistic government adopted an anti-gender and anti-reproductive discourse against human rights, including a policy that prevents women’s access to legal abortion. When public policies are not effective, the punitive discourse in Brazil is used as a strategy to cover up the fundamental problems of a society founded on gender, racial, and class inequalities. By incorporating the issue of violence against women, the neoconservative discourse attracts progressive sectors, both in the political sphere (national parliament) and civil society groups (women’s movements). As a result, Bolsonaro’s election highlighted the growth of conservatism and penal populism in Brazil from different perspectives. Bolsonaro was not re-elected in 2022, but the growth of neoconservatism and the increase in Brazil’s extremist political movements have deep societal roots that can undermine Brazilian democracy under the expansion of penal populism. Considering this political and legal context, and examining the respective bills that oppose legal abortion as a women’s right and other proposals in favour of criminalising gender-based violence, this chapter analyses the challenges presented to feminist criminology in times of conservatism, exploring how these discourses reveal the increase in the punitive approach that is affecting the agenda against gender-based violence in Brazil.