Scholarlink

The elements in group IIIA of the periodic table have three valence electronsValence electrons in their outer valence shellValence shell and need an additional electron to reach the energetically preferred noble gas configurationNoble gas configuration. This reactive open-shell configurationOpen-shell configuration results in electron-deficient bondingElectron-deficient bonding involving complex structures in two-dimensional space. The diverse polymorphic structures with unique chemical and physical properties have attracted enormous attention, especially of boron monolayers, whereas the higher homologues have not yet received comparable attention. As discussed in the following chapter, all group-IIIA homologues can form extended covalent 2D networks based on sp2 hybridizationHybridization. Importantly, electron-deficient multicentered bondingMulticentered bonding provides access to flexible reactive chemistry. First-principles calculations revealed that the boron homologues have low cohesive energies for the individual bonds due to the missing valence electron. This effect enlarges with increasing atom size. Nevertheless, several energetically and dynamically stable 2D structures and a variety of 2D bonding types exist in boropheneBorophene, alumineneAluminene, galleneneGallenene, indenene, and thalleneneThallenene, Thalliene monolayers formed by B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The calculated and measured mechanical properties show strongly decreasing stiffnesses and ultimate strengthsUltimate strength for the higher homologues of boron. Potential uses include energy storage, energy conversion, and energy harvesting devices and applications in electronics, optoelectronicsOptoelectronics, spintronicsSpintronics, various sensors, and biomedicine based on appropriate properties such as high carrier mobilityCarrier mobility, high thermal conductivity, and superconductivitySuperconductivity. Besides a detailed discussion of theory, the chapter outlines recent progress made in the synthesisSynthesis of the most stable monolayers and few-layer systems. Diagrams elucidate the structure‒property relationships of the cohesive energyCohesive energy versus bond length and the linear and nonlinear mechanical properties of group-IIIA monolayers.

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Elemental Group–IIIA Monolayers

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Peter Hess

摘要

The elements in group IIIA of the periodic table have three valence electronsValence electrons in their outer valence shellValence shell and need an additional electron to reach the energetically preferred noble gas configurationNoble gas configuration. This reactive open-shell configurationOpen-shell configuration results in electron-deficient bondingElectron-deficient bonding involving complex structures in two-dimensional space. The diverse polymorphic structures with unique chemical and physical properties have attracted enormous attention, especially of boron monolayers, whereas the higher homologues have not yet received comparable attention. As discussed in the following chapter, all group-IIIA homologues can form extended covalent 2D networks based on sp2 hybridizationHybridization. Importantly, electron-deficient multicentered bondingMulticentered bonding provides access to flexible reactive chemistry. First-principles calculations revealed that the boron homologues have low cohesive energies for the individual bonds due to the missing valence electron. This effect enlarges with increasing atom size. Nevertheless, several energetically and dynamically stable 2D structures and a variety of 2D bonding types exist in boropheneBorophene, alumineneAluminene, galleneneGallenene, indenene, and thalleneneThallenene, Thalliene monolayers formed by B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The calculated and measured mechanical properties show strongly decreasing stiffnesses and ultimate strengthsUltimate strength for the higher homologues of boron. Potential uses include energy storage, energy conversion, and energy harvesting devices and applications in electronics, optoelectronicsOptoelectronics, spintronicsSpintronics, various sensors, and biomedicine based on appropriate properties such as high carrier mobilityCarrier mobility, high thermal conductivity, and superconductivitySuperconductivity. Besides a detailed discussion of theory, the chapter outlines recent progress made in the synthesisSynthesis of the most stable monolayers and few-layer systems. Diagrams elucidate the structure‒property relationships of the cohesive energyCohesive energy versus bond length and the linear and nonlinear mechanical properties of group-IIIA monolayers.