The chapter focuses on the patterns of migration of governesses in the Baltic provinces of the Russian empire over the long nineteenth century. It will introduce two periods and two directions. For the first period in the middle of the nineteenth century (from 1830s until 1860s) the focus will be on the foreign governesses coming into the present-day Estonian area, mostly from the West but some examples are also given for governesses coming from the inner provinces of the Empire. During the second period from the end of the nineteenth century up until World War I examples of governesses leaving the area in search of work elsewhere will be showcased. When discussing the areas bordering Europe (and further) much emphasis has been placed on the phenomenon of Western European governesses coming to the area to impart European culture. The Baltic provinces being culturally distinct (mostly German-speaking and Lutheran) did have a market for foreign, especially French-speaking, governesses, but began sending out educated women to inner provinces of the empire offering some competition to those coming from the West. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the position of governess became more of a stepping stone, a first job leading to further opportunities (including short or long-term migration) as it had been for men for some time already.

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Travelling for Work: Governesses in the Baltic Provinces of the Russian Empire from the Nineteenth Century to 1914

  • Janet Laidla

摘要

The chapter focuses on the patterns of migration of governesses in the Baltic provinces of the Russian empire over the long nineteenth century. It will introduce two periods and two directions. For the first period in the middle of the nineteenth century (from 1830s until 1860s) the focus will be on the foreign governesses coming into the present-day Estonian area, mostly from the West but some examples are also given for governesses coming from the inner provinces of the Empire. During the second period from the end of the nineteenth century up until World War I examples of governesses leaving the area in search of work elsewhere will be showcased. When discussing the areas bordering Europe (and further) much emphasis has been placed on the phenomenon of Western European governesses coming to the area to impart European culture. The Baltic provinces being culturally distinct (mostly German-speaking and Lutheran) did have a market for foreign, especially French-speaking, governesses, but began sending out educated women to inner provinces of the empire offering some competition to those coming from the West. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the position of governess became more of a stepping stone, a first job leading to further opportunities (including short or long-term migration) as it had been for men for some time already.