“Religion is Freeing Itself”: Milton and Religious Liberty in the Nineteenth Century
摘要
The publication of Milton’s De Doctrina Christiana in 1825, read as an unorthodox (anti-Trinitarian, liberal, anti-Calvinist) work, changed how Milton was viewed and read in America. Milton’s reputation as an orthodox Christian poet was questioned. Within the context of America’s Second Great Awakening, William Ellery Channing viewed Milton as a modern champion of religious liberty. His review of Milton’s treatise, written the same year as the founding of the American Unitarian Association, proved foundational to American religious liberty and the American Unitarian movement and was the first important piece of American literary scholarship written after the treatise’s publication. In this way, Milton's belief in sola scriptura—which emphasized not only liberty of religion but also liberty of conscience, the individual's obligation to pursue truth on their own, not simply following the authority of others—proved most important and revolutionary in America. With the emergence of social reform movements in America, Milton’s vision of religious liberty and conscience was transformed into action by reformers such as William Lloyd Garrison, whose method of social reform, aimed to imbue people with “moral principles” to change their “moral character,” was accomplished by allowing “Truth and Falsehood to grapple.”