There has been a steep rise in energy demands due to enormous growth in the capacity of industrial production worldwide. This has placed an additional burden on non-renewable resources, especially fossil fuels to the extent that there is a real threat of their depletion. Hence, numerous energy technologies have been now taken into consideration to replace fossil fuels. Nuclear technology is the only advanced energy source that has emerged as an alternative source that can produce the massive amounts of energy required to power contemporary industrial societies. As a consequence, there is an increasing amount of radioactive waste accumulating in the ecological systems posing long-term environmental risks due to their half-life of a million years. Though some radioactivity exists in nature (naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs)), the major human-made sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear power plants and weapon testing along with various other anthropogenic activities involved in scientific research, medical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The environment is contaminated with radioactive elements as a result of several human activities. High levels of radioactive elements including thorium (232Th), uranium (238U and 235U), and potassium (40K) have been linked to major health risks. Despite increased awareness, quantifying the risks associated with nuclear power and the nuclear fuel cycle remains challenging. Therefore, comprehensive studies focusing on the environmental dangers and uncertainties of nuclear energy are imperative. This chapter explores the sources, environmental implications, and the urgent need for better management of radioactive pollutants to mitigate their adverse effects on human health and the environment.