Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), including POD and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), encompass a range of cognitive impairments that can occur before, during, or after surgical interventions. These disorders significantly impact surgical care, especially in an aging society where the prevalence of surgeries among elderly patients is increasing. In these patients, even minor cognitive impairments can severely affect recovery and overall quality of life, underscoring the importance of prevention and careful management. Prevention is key, and implementing multicomponent interventions can significantly help in both preventing and ameliorating the course of POD. These interventions might include strategies such as optimizing the hospital environment, managing pain effectively, ensuring proper nutrition, and encouraging early mobilization. Currently, targeted interventions based on specific pathophysiological mechanisms are limited due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of these disorders. However, with ongoing research, more targeted pathophysiological-based interventions are expected to be developed in the future, enhancing the ability to manage and prevent PNDs effectively.