Depression and anxiety are common mood disorders that can cause significant distress or impairment to social, occupational/academic, or other primary areas of life. Systematic screening for symptoms of anxiety and depression in medical settings is the first step to improving individual well-being and reducing cost and burden. This chapter provides an overview of common symptoms of anxiety and depression, reviews the recommendations and benefits of routine mental health screening, and highlights common screening tools for adults and youth as well as special populations (e.g., geriatric, postpartum women). The chapter discusses guidelines for implementing a routine screening program and potential risks and barriers to consider.