Recent experimental and numerical studies have investigated the structural performance, temperature distribution, and residual strength and stiffness of masonry prisms exposed to elevated temperatures. These masonry specimens are widely used in experimental investigations, facilitating production and testing in terms of economic aspects. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the thermal and mechanical behavior of masonry prisms subjected to high temperatures, based on experimental and numerical analyses reported in previous works. It provides an in-depth exploration of recent findings related to the effects of different thermal treatments (constant heating rate up to distinct maximum temperature levels or standard fire curve exposure) on the temperature distribution, strength, stiffness and rupture mode of prisms constructed with various types of masonry components and considering different masonry surface covering types. Comparisons between the revised data demonstrated that masonry prisms made with clay and calcium silicate units usually exhibited higher residual strength and stiffness than those constructed with concrete units. Some numerical studies have focused on thermal analyses to comprehend temperature distribution in masonry prisms, while others conducted thermo-mechanical analyses, offering a comprehensive view of the structural behavior of fire-damaged prisms under diverse loading conditions. Comparisons between numerical and experimental data effectively demonstrated how finite element analyses can accurately predict the temperature trends and the mechanical response of masonry prisms under fire conditions. The insights obtained from this review revealed potential avenues for future studies in this scientific field.