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Biochar is a product obtained through the pyrolysis of biomass. Due to its ability to sequester C and improve soil properties, it has garnered significant interest in the scientific community in recent decades. The type of raw material and pyrolysis conditions affect the properties of biochar, including the C retention ratio. The main objective of this study was to determine the role of the mineral fraction of the raw material on biochar properties related to C sequestration, such as C retention ratio and biochar yield. Additionally, we aimed to verify the effect of the pyrolysis temperature on these same variables. We conducted a systematic literature survey in two stages. First, we selected studies on unenriched biochars that contained the characterization of biomass (ash content and elemental composition) and biochars (ash content, yield, C retention ratio, and elemental composition). In the second stage, we sought research on mineral-enriched biochars that contained exogenous mineral content, biochar yield, and C retention ratio. Our findings indicate that pyrolysis temperature has a negative correlation with the yield and C retention of biochars, regardless of enrichment. The mineral content of the biomass has a positive correlation with the yield of unenriched biochar but does not affect C retention. There is evidence that biomasses rich in N, Ca, and Fe can result in biochars with higher retained C content. Mineral-enriched biochars have higher yield and higher retained C content than unenriched biochars. Minerals such as H3PO4, MgO, MgCl2, and FeCl3 result in greater C retention in biochars, with an increase of 5.83–24.65% compared to unenriched biochars. The mineral fraction of the raw material can contribute to the retention of C in biochar through the following mechanisms: (1) formation of a physical barrier that protects C from gaseous evolution, incorporating it into the biochar structure; (2) chemical bonds—nonmetallic covalent bonds, organometallic bonds, and metallic covalent bonds; and (3) formation of oxides and carbonates.

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Carbon Retention in Biochars Derived from Mineral-Rich Feedstocks

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Stella Cristiani Gonçalves Matoso

摘要

Biochar is a product obtained through the pyrolysis of biomass. Due to its ability to sequester C and improve soil properties, it has garnered significant interest in the scientific community in recent decades. The type of raw material and pyrolysis conditions affect the properties of biochar, including the C retention ratio. The main objective of this study was to determine the role of the mineral fraction of the raw material on biochar properties related to C sequestration, such as C retention ratio and biochar yield. Additionally, we aimed to verify the effect of the pyrolysis temperature on these same variables. We conducted a systematic literature survey in two stages. First, we selected studies on unenriched biochars that contained the characterization of biomass (ash content and elemental composition) and biochars (ash content, yield, C retention ratio, and elemental composition). In the second stage, we sought research on mineral-enriched biochars that contained exogenous mineral content, biochar yield, and C retention ratio. Our findings indicate that pyrolysis temperature has a negative correlation with the yield and C retention of biochars, regardless of enrichment. The mineral content of the biomass has a positive correlation with the yield of unenriched biochar but does not affect C retention. There is evidence that biomasses rich in N, Ca, and Fe can result in biochars with higher retained C content. Mineral-enriched biochars have higher yield and higher retained C content than unenriched biochars. Minerals such as H3PO4, MgO, MgCl2, and FeCl3 result in greater C retention in biochars, with an increase of 5.83–24.65% compared to unenriched biochars. The mineral fraction of the raw material can contribute to the retention of C in biochar through the following mechanisms: (1) formation of a physical barrier that protects C from gaseous evolution, incorporating it into the biochar structure; (2) chemical bonds—nonmetallic covalent bonds, organometallic bonds, and metallic covalent bonds; and (3) formation of oxides and carbonates.