We saw earlier that the long period of reform and revolution in France, roughly from 1760 to 1820, was accompanied by transformation in the institutions of mathematics: the schools that trained mathematicians and the forms of communication in mathematics. That transformation was followed by a transformation centered on German universities. The German transformation was sudden and it moved the center of higher level mathematics from France to Germany. The appearance of Crelle’s Journal, Journal für die reine und angewandt Mathematik, in 1826, can be taken as the point of the switch.