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The rural population in Sudan comprises approximately 67.1% of the total population, with 55% residing in areas outside the Nile system. A significant portion of the population relies on surface rainwater harvesting facilities, known as Hafirs, for their domestic and drinking water needs. These sources are susceptible to contamination due to the surrounding livelihood activities. Algae as a biological indicator has attracted little attention when the water quality is assessed, despite its potential harm if diagnosed as toxic species. The blooming of Cyanophyta (Blue-Green Algae), especially their toxins-producing genera and species, is the most harmful phenomenon triggered by nutrient contamination, and anthropogenic and environmental factors. As a result, this pioneering study aimed to classify the types of algae and identify the toxins producing algae genera and species. Water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons from eleven sites in five states (Gazira, Khartoum, North Kordofan, Gadarif, and Sinnar) based on different practices, such as agriculture and rangeland. Laboratory results of this study indicated the presence of green and blue-green algae with a very remarkable percentage across different sites and different seasons. Blue-Green algae were dominated by the following very well-known toxic genera: Anabaena, Cylindrospermum, Merismopedia, and Oscillatoria. It is concluded that these water supply facilities become unsafe for domestic and drinking purposes due to the dominance of toxins-producing algae species, especially during the end of the dry season. It is recommended that attention be paid to and remedies be applied to mitigate the algae development. It is also of utmost necessity to develop a strategy plan and policies to control harmful algae to protect drinking water sources from pollution. Furthermore, comprehensive water quality monitoring and algae toxicity prevention measures are necessary to improve natural resource management, maintain sustainable ecosystems, and protect public health. This will eventually enhance achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and particularly the sixth goal by 2030, which urges universal access to safe drinking water.

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Assessment of Harmful Algae as an Emerging Pollutant in Domestic Water Supply from Rainwater Harvesting Facilities in Sudan

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  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Wifag Hassan Mahmoud,
  • Sabry Zagloul Wahba,
  • Muna Mohammed Musnad

摘要

The rural population in Sudan comprises approximately 67.1% of the total population, with 55% residing in areas outside the Nile system. A significant portion of the population relies on surface rainwater harvesting facilities, known as Hafirs, for their domestic and drinking water needs. These sources are susceptible to contamination due to the surrounding livelihood activities. Algae as a biological indicator has attracted little attention when the water quality is assessed, despite its potential harm if diagnosed as toxic species. The blooming of Cyanophyta (Blue-Green Algae), especially their toxins-producing genera and species, is the most harmful phenomenon triggered by nutrient contamination, and anthropogenic and environmental factors. As a result, this pioneering study aimed to classify the types of algae and identify the toxins producing algae genera and species. Water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons from eleven sites in five states (Gazira, Khartoum, North Kordofan, Gadarif, and Sinnar) based on different practices, such as agriculture and rangeland. Laboratory results of this study indicated the presence of green and blue-green algae with a very remarkable percentage across different sites and different seasons. Blue-Green algae were dominated by the following very well-known toxic genera: Anabaena, Cylindrospermum, Merismopedia, and Oscillatoria. It is concluded that these water supply facilities become unsafe for domestic and drinking purposes due to the dominance of toxins-producing algae species, especially during the end of the dry season. It is recommended that attention be paid to and remedies be applied to mitigate the algae development. It is also of utmost necessity to develop a strategy plan and policies to control harmful algae to protect drinking water sources from pollution. Furthermore, comprehensive water quality monitoring and algae toxicity prevention measures are necessary to improve natural resource management, maintain sustainable ecosystems, and protect public health. This will eventually enhance achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and particularly the sixth goal by 2030, which urges universal access to safe drinking water.