Agroecology seeks to enhance agricultural production by understanding and mimicking natural patterns and processes by diversifying farming systems. By allowing disturbance to enter at a lower level, absorbed through continuous sustainable land management and adaptation, resilience is developed through action-oriented learning. Subsequent reduction in synthetic input dependence is particularly beneficial to most remote rural communities on marginal lands with poor infrastructure. Transitioning away from high-risk, input-dependent mono-cropping systems and “towards a low-carbon, resource-conserving form of agriculture that benefits poorest” would significantly improve production and livelihoods to create rural opportunities through crop diversification and maintaining local genetic diversity. Agro ecological systems are found to be more resilient and suffers fewer productivity and economic losses, as they experience more rapid recovery than their conventional counterparts due to improved adaptive capacity of landscape and farmers. In this chapter, we therefore explore agro ecological activities undertaken by smallholder farmers for building resilience. Such activities include diversification of agricultural systems, agro forestry systems and livestock mixed systems which are accompanied by organic soil management, water harvesting and conservation, and enhancement of agro biodiversity.