By definition, urban agriculture (urban cultivation) can be described as the activity of cultivating, processing and distributing food in or around urban areas. However, this concept has a wide range of dimensions and components in different countries and varies depending on the geographical environment, socio-economic environment and politics of countries. In this chapter, based on reviewing various scientific sources (with emphasis on national sources), the situation, problems and challenges of urban agriculture in Iran have been studied and analyzed. While defining the concept and goals of urban agriculture, its various dimensions have been studied. Moreover, the challenges and obstacles of urban agriculture development in Iran are described and finally, case studies of urban agriculture in different regions of Iran are presented. In conclusion, it can be stated that the approach of scientific resources and case studies conducted in the field of urban agriculture is only in its applications in urban sciences, architecture, and green space design. In general, the purpose of urban agriculture in Iran is more to create a green environment with the approach of tourism and recreation in the city than to look at it as an agricultural activity in or around the city to produce agricultural food by the residents of the region. Therefore, the mainstreaming of this concept requires a lot of training and extension activities. Meanwhile, with the second approach, i.e. the production of agricultural products and food within the urban community, the issue of water shortage and high water demand for urban agriculture activities in arid and semi-arid countries of Iran should be taken into account and much attention should be paid to the issue of recycling of treated waste waters for use in urban agriculture. In this regard, it is necessary to prepare a feasibility road map for the use of urban agriculture with an approach to agriculture and production with limited water resources in the country.