Aimé Césaire (1913–2008), poet, essayist, playwright, and politician from Martinique, was one of the most influential voices of the twentieth century in anticolonial thought and decolonization movements. Creator of the category négritude, he articulated a radical critique of colonialism as economic exploitation, political domination, and a process of alienation. His writings combine poetic invention, political commitment, and critical reflection. His theoretical contributions and main arguments—the colonized subject and its possible rehumanization, négritude as cultural affirmation and identity of resistance, language as a terrain of alienation and emancipation, and the critique of epistemic universalism—have nourished theoretical and philosophical psychology, while also inspiring interdisciplinary debates in cultural, postcolonial, and subaltern studies, as well as in critical race theory, Black Studies, and the Black Radical Tradition. His work remains indispensable for contemporary discussions on racialization, historical trauma, diaspora, and the decolonization of knowledge.