At the turn of the twentieth century, modernism emerged as a critical tradition that challenged the Enlightenment ideal of a unified and autonomous subject, emphasizing fragmentation, alienation, and the intrusion of irrational forces into the social order. Psychological schools played a central role in these critiques by reframing subjectivity as vulnerability, conflict, and division. Psychoanalysis challenged the sovereignty of reason through the concepts of the unconscious and the death drive; humanistic psychology foregrounded experience, freedom, and authenticity; and critical psychology exposed the political and social determinants of mental life. Parallel to these developments, modernist art movements such as expressionism and surrealism have incorporated psychological themes of trauma, repression, and instability of the self. Together, modernism and psychology confronted the dehumanizing effects of scientific rationalism and its unfulfilled promises of progress, offering alternative frameworks for understanding human suffering and subjectivity. This entry examines these intersections from the late nineteenth to the twenty-first century, addressing their scientific, philosophical, artistic, and political dimensions. Tracing these debates reveals how modernist critiques informed psychological thought and, in turn, how psychology contributed to the reconfiguration of conceptions of individual subjectivity within modern civilization.