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This paper investigates differences in normal force for different tracing directions on the basis of friction, taking into account individual differences. The normal force and friction coefficient were measured when sixteen participants naturally traced samples with different friction coefficients in the backward and lateral directions. The results showed that participants applied significantly larger force in the backward direction than in the lateral direction. The coefficient of friction was also significantly higher in the backward direction. In addition, both the normal force and the coefficient of friction varied among individuals. Those with higher coefficients of friction used relatively small normal force, whereas those with lower coefficients of friction tended to have large variance in the normal force.

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Anisotropy in Normal Force and Friction During Active Tracing

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Kaho Kurimoto,
  • Astrid M. L. Kappers,
  • Yoshihiro Tanaka

摘要

This paper investigates differences in normal force for different tracing directions on the basis of friction, taking into account individual differences. The normal force and friction coefficient were measured when sixteen participants naturally traced samples with different friction coefficients in the backward and lateral directions. The results showed that participants applied significantly larger force in the backward direction than in the lateral direction. The coefficient of friction was also significantly higher in the backward direction. In addition, both the normal force and the coefficient of friction varied among individuals. Those with higher coefficients of friction used relatively small normal force, whereas those with lower coefficients of friction tended to have large variance in the normal force.