PIRLS 2021 and PISA 2022 are the first international large-scale surveys that assessed students worldwide after the COVID-19 pandemic school closures. As expected, they reveal devastating learning losses for students of most countries and regions although in a few of them average results were able to progress despite the pandemic. For many countries and regions, the recent student learning losses add to previous losses. This chapter discusses these setbacks and highlights the main conclusions from different countries’ experiences. Unsurprisingly, the key factors are the curriculum, which needs to be streamlined and made more rigorous and better structured; the assessment, which needs to be regular, frequent, and to combine national standardized testing with formative tools; and the targeted support for struggling students.