We briefly describe the history of the European Space Agency, the scientific topics covered by the Science Programme and the long-term planning process. The different mission types in the current Cosmic Vision plan are outlined together with the mission selection process. How a mission concept progresses through the various study and project phases, together with typical durations, is also outlined. Finally, the composition of the scientific community who could propose for observing time on ESA’s observatories is provided using membership of the International Astronomical Union.