Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is widely applied in the automotive and biomedical industries to produce intricate and complex parts and prototypes. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the impact of various process parameters on the mechanical properties of FDM-printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites. A Taguchi design was employed to design and conduct experiments, following the guidelines set by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for preparing specimens for tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The focus was on optimizing the process parameters to achieve maximum strength in the printed composites, including impact strength (IS), tensile strength (TS), and flexural strength (FS). The Taguchi analysis method helped incorporate a desirability function approach and design a main effect plot of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio to identify the most effective FDM process parameters. The findings of this study highlight that FDM parts exhibit maximum mechanical properties when certain optimal process parameters are employed. Specifically, using a 100% infill percentage, a layer height of 0.2 mm, a raster angle of 45°, an infill pattern consisting of lines, and an extrusion temperature of 210 °C yields the greatest results. It is important to note that these parameters were determined through careful analysis and optimization, and they offer improved performance in terms of the mechanical properties of FDM-printed PLA-based composites.