Grothendieck Did Not Believe in Universes, He Believed in Topos and Schemes
摘要
The title is a quote of either Pierre Cartier or Jean Benabou in a public discussion at the ENS. Cartier and Benabou agreed about it on stage, at the time, and later said I could cite them though neither recalled who first said it. But a quote of Barry Mazur reminds us that Grothendieck believed somehow in every concept he explored. We can see the resolution in Grothendieck’s 33 hours of tape-recorded lectures and workshops in Buffalo NY in June and July 1973: Where he considered the concepts of topos and scheme perfectly adapted to the goal, he considered universes a valuable technical tool not yet in final form. In Buffalo he described their role, and a possible improvement suggested by Pierre Samuel which is related to a device recently used by Peter Scholz.