The concepts of secure by design and privacy by design were coined around 2010, and have gradually gained popularity. Secure by design and privacy by design are principles of good practice in system and software development that emphasize integrating security and privacy measures and considerations into the design and architecture of systems, applications, and products from the outset. In addition, these principles emphasize that security and privacy considerations are considered during the whole lifecycle of systems, applications and products. This is in contrast to treating security and privacy as an afterthought or as a separate layer, which would be inadequate in most cases.