Since 1980, the notion of development has expanded toward a wider notion of wellbeing, which besides income includes dimensions such as health, education, natural resources, good governance, and human rights. Major contributions have been the 1987 Brundtland Report, with its focus on the preservation of natural resources, and the 1990 Human Development Report, with the Human Development Index and the 2000 Millennium Goals (MDGs). An international debate has led to 17 Sustainable Development Goals of 2015 (SDGs), which underline the three dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. This chapter examines the major novelties of the SDGs with respect to the MDGs: environmental sustainability takes the center stage. The chapter examines some sustainability indicators such as carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption per capita. Primary energy sources play a very important role, with oil and oil markets as a special case. The approach to international cooperation has evolved from being a donor-beneficiary relationship and from the Washington Consensus conditionalities to a broader view of global partnership. Empowerment and ownership are two concepts which emphasize the changing views on development cooperation.