Post-Melt Purification in the FO–FC–RO Process for Water Recovery from Hydrometallurgical Effluents
摘要
A forward osmosis and freeze concentration combined with reverse osmosis (FO–FC–RO) process is being developed to recover water from hydrometallurgical effluents. The FO process purifies the contaminated water using a draw solution with higher osmotic pressure than the feed which allows water to permeate through a semi-permeable membrane from the feed to the draw solution. The concentrated draw solution is regenerated by the freeze concentration process, producing ice entrained with draw solute. After melting, an RO step is used to further purify the ice melt, obtain pure water, and increase the draw salt recovery. The RO operating pressure constrains the amount of water that can be removed from the hydrometallurgical feed through the process. This study investigates to what extent RO limits the FO-FC process. This work utilizes a simulation via the OLI Flowsheet software. A comparison between the simulation and experimental results proves that MgCl2 as a draw salt can be recovered in the RO step with 92.5% efficiency under 500 psi hydraulic pressure. Alternatively, when a Ce/LaCl3 mixed draw salt is used, it can be recovered with 93.5% efficiency under similar hydraulic pressure.