Carbon-Negative Mining from Gangue Minerals: Intensification, Efficiency, and Mechanisms of Low-Energy Leaching
摘要
The global issues of climate change and the growing demand for critical metals required for the transition to clean energy call for innovative solutions in the field of mineral processing and metal extraction/recovery. To address this issue, we propose a carbon-negative mining technology focused on North American mine tailings containing silicate minerals. Our method uses renewable electricity to generate electrosynthesized hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) from salt splitting. Acid (HCl or H2SO4) leaches metals from minerals, while NaOH is used to capture atmospheric CO2, which then reacts with leached elements to precipitate valuable products. This process results in the precipitation of metal carbonates ((Mn,Co,Ni,Cu)CO3 and (Mg,Fe)CO3), where the former is further refined for metal recovery and the latter sequesters CO2 as a stable carbon sink. The focus of the present work was to develop an efficient (low-energy) atmospheric leaching process (meaning more efficient than heap leaching and less energy intensive than high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL)) for a range of model silicate minerals (olivine, kimberlite, and serpentine) to evaluate the kinetics and extent of silicate dissolution and metal recovery and the properties of the residual minerals. The results obtained thus far can guide the design of an intensified process that takes advantage of early leaching kinetics and greater early filterability by utilizing alternating stages of extraction/depassivation.