This chapter explores the complexity and challenges associated with aerodigestive fistulaeAerodigestive fistulae, highlighting their often unknown incidence and diverse aetiology. Some fistulae present with minimal symptoms, and some are diagnosed post-mortem. However they are generally associated with high mortality and morbidity. Fistulae can occur between the oesophagusOesophagus and any part of the airways or the lung. Fistulae can also occur between the stomachStomach and the lung as well as peripheral airways. Oesophageal and lung cancers, along with various medical procedures or inflammatory conditions, contribute to their development. The chapter presents a series of cases managed with stents or surgical repairSurgical repair, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive treatment algorithm considering fistula size, site, and etiology. Despite successful closure in some cases, challenges like post-operative stricturesStrictures or persistent fistulae highlight the complexity of management, necessitating innovative surgical techniquesSurgical techniques and careful post-operative carePost-operative care.