This chapter features case studies in which the central thematic axis revolves around land use, agricultural production and local economies. In brief, each case study looks at aspects of the Empire’s micro-economy and environment in continental and island regions, highlights local variations in production and illustrates perceptions about these lands and economic and social changes resulting from external pressures on the local population. At the same time, it reveals processes of disorganisation of the population and disruption of the regular agricultural and other economic processes, as well as the adaptive forces that were activated to deal with these inimical circumstances, issues directly related to the political and social history of the time. The 15 case studies in Part II are derived from the Late Byzantine correspondence and present aspects of local micro-histories. The case studies are divided into three units on the basis of key aspects presented in the letters or corpus of letters. Each case study, constituted either by a single letter or a collection of letters from one author, offers information that leads in many different directions and can be linked to more than just the designated theme. These data are examined synthetically and analytically in the “Conclusions” of each chapter and other sections of this book. This structure also benefits from the introductory chapters that guide the reader to the topics. The examples reveal land-use and economic systems developed and adapted in several parts of the East Mediterranean, mainly in the South Balkan Peninsula and the South Aegean Sea, and every landscape tells a unique tale. Discussed are the natural resources, ways of planning and managing the productive landscape, interdependencies between economies, physical characteristics, such as climatic, hydrological and edaphological, the many and varied perceptions of the Byzantine letter-writers who visited these locations, as well as crises that challenged the cohesion of the particular communities.