The intellectual effort connected with breaking ciphers resembles work on a new scientific theory. Moving among the apparent chaos of facts, the codebreaker tries to find elements of order in it, determine the causes of the phenomena and their mutual relations, translate them into the simplest possible theory, allowing others to follow his thoughts and verify the validity of his reasoning. However, the nature researched by most scientists is neutral. Its rights are waiting for the discoverer, neither announcing their existence nor hiding it too much. The essence of the cipher construction is mystery, attempting to hide the truth and order behind many curtains, deliberately designed to deceive, confuse, lead astray and intimidate their researcher with the enormity of work. The scientist usually works without significant pressure from the outside world. In his workplace time flows with its own rhythm, possible success or failure are primarily of personal importance. Codebreakers could rarely afford the luxury of distance to their work. The fate of battles, campaigns and entire wars depended on their work, the acquisition or loss of an ally, the tearing out of an enemy’s secrets or the betrayal of one’s own. Half a misery when a codebreaker was working on a system whose functioning was known to him at least in principle. His success depended on his infinite patience in repeating the same monotonous operations hundreds and thousands of times, his ability to capture subtle relationships between facts distant in time and space, and his intuition to see the possible shortcuts or the enemy’s errors. Sometimes, however, he faced a challenge completely new, unknown to his predecessors, mysterious and seemingly impenetrable. What’s worse, such challenges usually happened at the turning points in history. Enemy’s change of the code or cipher often heralds new and violent events. It puts the codebreaker in a psychologically difficult situation: the apogee of his intellectual effort happens when everyone’s eyes are focused on him, when his entire environment insistently reminds how much depends on his knowledge, talent and concentration. The enormous concentration of mental effort in December 1932, the nature of the attacked cipher completely different from what has been known so far and the significance of the breakthrough achieved could easily justify Rejewski’s weariness. However, he himself seemed to treat his achievement as a solution to a more complex problem at the university exam on a group theory. In less than a month, working alone, he made one of the most spectacular breakthroughs in the history of cryptanalysis. However, the time of lonely effort came to an end, the relief was on its way. When Rejewski put the first broken Enigma ciphertext on Ciężki’s desk, further isolation inside the team was unnecessary. In the face of the paramount importance of the Enigma’s ciphers, the tasks that the two remaining codebreakers were busy with have lost their importance. In the first days of 1933, Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski began working together to further exploit the breakthrough. They also quickly realized that there were enough challenges and sources of future glory for everyone.

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Solitude of a Long-Distance Runner

  • Marek Grajek

摘要

The intellectual effort connected with breaking ciphers resembles work on a new scientific theory. Moving among the apparent chaos of facts, the codebreaker tries to find elements of order in it, determine the causes of the phenomena and their mutual relations, translate them into the simplest possible theory, allowing others to follow his thoughts and verify the validity of his reasoning. However, the nature researched by most scientists is neutral. Its rights are waiting for the discoverer, neither announcing their existence nor hiding it too much. The essence of the cipher construction is mystery, attempting to hide the truth and order behind many curtains, deliberately designed to deceive, confuse, lead astray and intimidate their researcher with the enormity of work. The scientist usually works without significant pressure from the outside world. In his workplace time flows with its own rhythm, possible success or failure are primarily of personal importance. Codebreakers could rarely afford the luxury of distance to their work. The fate of battles, campaigns and entire wars depended on their work, the acquisition or loss of an ally, the tearing out of an enemy’s secrets or the betrayal of one’s own. Half a misery when a codebreaker was working on a system whose functioning was known to him at least in principle. His success depended on his infinite patience in repeating the same monotonous operations hundreds and thousands of times, his ability to capture subtle relationships between facts distant in time and space, and his intuition to see the possible shortcuts or the enemy’s errors. Sometimes, however, he faced a challenge completely new, unknown to his predecessors, mysterious and seemingly impenetrable. What’s worse, such challenges usually happened at the turning points in history. Enemy’s change of the code or cipher often heralds new and violent events. It puts the codebreaker in a psychologically difficult situation: the apogee of his intellectual effort happens when everyone’s eyes are focused on him, when his entire environment insistently reminds how much depends on his knowledge, talent and concentration. The enormous concentration of mental effort in December 1932, the nature of the attacked cipher completely different from what has been known so far and the significance of the breakthrough achieved could easily justify Rejewski’s weariness. However, he himself seemed to treat his achievement as a solution to a more complex problem at the university exam on a group theory. In less than a month, working alone, he made one of the most spectacular breakthroughs in the history of cryptanalysis. However, the time of lonely effort came to an end, the relief was on its way. When Rejewski put the first broken Enigma ciphertext on Ciężki’s desk, further isolation inside the team was unnecessary. In the face of the paramount importance of the Enigma’s ciphers, the tasks that the two remaining codebreakers were busy with have lost their importance. In the first days of 1933, Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski began working together to further exploit the breakthrough. They also quickly realized that there were enough challenges and sources of future glory for everyone.