This chapter examines the traditional use and management of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae), a culturally and ecologically important tree species in southeastern Cuba. Despite its multiple uses ranging from food and medicine to timber and shade, it remains underrepresented in the scientific literature. The objective of this chapter is to document local ethnobotanical knowledge and management practices in rural and urban contexts in the Province of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Ethnobotanical surveys have been conducted with 140 respondents, who use yellow mombin as a source of timber, living fence, and for food and fodder. Its main use is as a medicine for the treatment of skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, muscular, and circulatory disorders. The main method of preparation is the decoction of leaves and bark, which is applied by rubbing or bathing. Four quantitative ethnobotanical indices obtained (use value, level of significance, relative and cultural importance) indicate that the medicinal use of S. mombin is worthy of scientific evaluation and that it has cultural importance for the present local society. In Cuba, S. mombin is a native, predominantly wild species integrated into agroforestry systems, home gardens, and live fences, but rarely cultivated systematically. Regional differences in its occurrence and a diversity of local names suggest a potential varietal richness, although this remains unstudied.