The chapter highlights a diverse range of innovative approaches and technologies aimed at addressing the global challenge of water scarcity and improving water desalination and treatment processes. Environment in modern society, especially the water bodies are contaminated with variety of organic and inorganic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs), micro plastics, pharmaceutical and personal care products, enzymes and other bio-reactive materials. They are difficult to detect and treat in conventional treatment processes. A large number of technical progresses have been emerged in the field of wastewater treatment in last few years. In this book chapter, the new advanced technologies in desalination and waste water treatment, including direct and indirect methods, are comprehensively presented. Solar-driven methods, such as solar water evaporation desalination, leverage abundant sunlight to provide sustainable solutions for freshwater production, particularly in arid regions. Efficient brine disposal methods play a crucial role in mitigating environmental concerns associated with desalination by reducing pollution and waste. A number of membrane based systems, electro dialysis, porous ceramic membranes and polymer composites offer unique solutions for both desalination and wastewater treatment. The chapter will provide useful information on the environment friendly advanced technologies in desalination and wastewater treatment processes to meet the world’s increasing demand for clean and accessible water resources.