Studies of extreme environments have reported microorganisms capable of surviving in these extreme conditions, making their exploration relevant in both basic and applied sciences. In Peruvian territory, various extreme environments have been documented; however, this review focuses on highlighting the potential environments found in the Arequipa region in southern Peru. We propose these environments as potential sites for scientific research, with a focus on astrobiology and biotechnology. The Arequipa region is characterized by its varied topography, ranging from altitudes of 0–5000 m above sea level, offering a wide variety of harsh environments that serve as reservoirs for extremotrophic and extremophilic microorganisms. These environments include Salinas Lagoon, the hyperarid desert of Pampas de la Joya, volcanic soils, bofedales, and hydrothermal systems. Each of these environments presents geological, climatic, and physicochemical characteristics of great relevance in the context of astrobiology and biotechnology. It is important to note that there is a scarcity of information regarding microbial biodiversity in these environments. Therefore, this review promotes objectives focused on the exploration of microorganisms in these environments, as well as the conservation of microbial diversity both in situ and ex situ.