Bovine neosporosis, caused by the protist Neospora caninum, is a leading infectious cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. The life cycle of N. caninum involves definitive hosts (dog and several wild canids) that can shed oocysts in their feces, and intermediate hosts (primarily cattle), which become infected through ingestion of contaminated feed or water. Once ingested, the parasite invades tissues and may vertically transmit from dam to foetus, leading to fetal death or the birth of congenitally infected calf (exogenous vertical transmission). In chronically infected cow, the infection can reactivate during pregnancy, leading to the transmission of the parasite to the fetus (endogenous vertical transmission). N. caninum-associated abortions are typically observed during the second trimester of gestation. Although the clinical and epidemiological diagnosis can be useful for guiding the diagnosis, confirmation of the cause relies on the laboratory diagnosis through parasite and compatible lesions detection in placenta and selected fetal tissues such as central nervous system. Currently, no effective treatments or vaccines are available, making serological diagnosis, biosecurity measures and animal management, tailored to the epidemiological situation of each farm, crucial for disease control and prevention.