The expression “source control” (SC) refers to any intervention aimed at identifying and controlling the source of an abdominal infection to restore normal homeostasis. These procedures are generally associated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, when indicated, to improve their efficacy. The primary objective of SC is to remove or drain the infected material to ensure cessation of the ongoing contamination and further spreading of infection. Moreover, SC aims to manage the production of systemic inflammatory mediators and the disruptive effects on the microbiome that can potentially lead to multiple organ failure and death. Currently, the operative technique, optimal timing and adequacy of SC have not been definitively established, and the morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Although the treatment varies according to the specific pathologic source and the patient’s clinical condition, a surgical SC associated with short-course antibiotic therapy can be considered sufficient in uncomplicated forms. Otherwise, it may be necessary to extend the duration of antibiotic treatment and of physiological support strategies based on the clinical evolution. In cases of severe forms of intra-abdominal infection or in critically ill patients, multiple repeated surgical procedures, until adequate control of infection, may be required.