This chapter introduces conventional and permutation methods for matched-pairs tests. The chapter contains example analyses illustrating computation of exact permutation probability values for matched-pairs tests, calculation of measures of effect size for matched-pairs tests, exact and Monte Carlo permutation procedures for matched-pairs tests, and applications of permutation methods to matched-pairs rank-score data. Also included in the chapter are permutation versions of Student’s matched-pairs t test, Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test, and a permutation-based alternative for the two conventional measures of effect size for matched-pairs: Cohen’s \(\hat{d}\) , and Pearson’s \(r^{2}\) .