Introduction
摘要
The emergence of ridesharing, led by companies such as DiDi, Uber, and Lyft, has revolutionized the form of personal mobility. Per (FortuneBusinessInsights 2021), the global rideshare market size was US$76.48 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to a total market value of US$242.73 billion by 2028. However, how to improve operational efficiency is a major challenge for rideshare platforms, e.g., long passenger waiting time (Smith 2019) and as high as 41% vacant time for ridesharing vehicles in a large city (Brown 2020). The success of ridesharing, from the perspectives of the platforms, drivers, and passengers, requires sophisticated optimization of all the integrated components that collectively deliver the services.